What is detected in an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test?

The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is specifically designed to detect antibodies that are directed against components of the cell nucleus. These antibodies can target various nuclear antigens, including DNA, RNA, and proteins associated with the nucleus. The presence of these autoantibodies is commonly associated with autoimmune disorders, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but can also indicate other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma.

The test measures these antibodies to assess the body's immune response against its own nuclear material, which is critical in diagnosing autoimmune diseases. Thus, the key aspect of the ANA test is its ability to reveal the presence of these antibodies that attack the body’s DNA and other nuclear components, providing valuable diagnostic insight into autoimmune pathology.