Which condition is MOST commonly associated with elevated levels of 17-ketosteroids?

Elevated levels of 17-ketosteroids are primarily associated with Cushing's syndrome due to the overproduction of adrenal corticosteroids. Cushing’s syndrome results from excess cortisol, which can lead to increased secretion of 17-ketosteroids, specifically androgens and other derivatives of steroid metabolism. These compounds are valuable in the assessment of adrenal function and steroid hormone levels because they indicate increased adrenal activity.

In contrast, diabetes primarily involves challenges related to insulin and glucose metabolism rather than direct steroid production. Anemia is primarily a condition dealing with red blood cell production and is unrelated to steroid levels. Hypothyroidism is associated with low thyroid hormone levels and typically does not elevate 17-ketosteroid levels, as it is more related to thyroid functions than adrenal steroid function.

Therefore, the association of elevated 17-ketosteroids with Cushing's syndrome reflects the hormonal imbalances that result from excess adrenal corticosteroid production, making B the most appropriate choice in this context.