Which enzymes are typically released by the heart during damage or stress?

Troponin and myoglobin are key enzymes and proteins released by cardiac muscle cells during damage or stress, such as that which occurs during a heart attack or myocardial infarction. Troponin is a regulatory protein complex that plays a critical role in muscle contraction and is released into the bloodstream when cardiac tissue is injured. It is highly specific to cardiac tissue, making it an important biomarker for diagnosing acute coronary syndrome.

Myoglobin, a heme protein found in heart and skeletal muscles, is also released following muscle injury. Although it is not as specific as troponin for cardiac damage, its rapid release following myocardial injury can assist clinicians in the early detection of heart attacks.

The other options listed involve enzymes or markers that are related to different conditions. For instance, amylase and lipase are primarily associated with pancreatic damage, while AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) are more indicative of liver damage. Lastly, alkaline phosphatase and GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) are generally related to biliary obstruction or liver disease, rather than cardiac events.